The functioning of a solar photovoltaic inverter plays a crucial role in solar energy systems. It is responsible for converting the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) to sync with the power grid and integrate into residential or commercial power systems.
The working principle of solar photovoltaic inverters consists of several key processes:
The initial step involves the photovoltaic battery converting sunlight into DC power through the photoelectric effect. This process takes place within the semiconductor materials of the photovoltaic panel. When sunlight strikes the semiconductor surface, it excites the electrons and creates electron-hole pairs, resulting in the generation of direct current.
After the generation of DC power, it is transmitted to the micro inverter via cables. The core component of the micro inverter is a control integrated circuit (IC). This circuit collects voltage and current data from the solar panels, and through simulation operations, it generates a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal which controls the switching frequency and duty cycle of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switch.
The PWM signal drives the IGBT switch, which modulates the current derived from the DC source to produce AC output. During this conversion, the micro inverter adjusts the output voltage and frequency to align with the grid standards, ensuring compatibility with residential or commercial power systems.
Micro inverters equip the system with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology. This function monitors the voltage and current output from the photovoltaic panels, extracting the maximum possible power available, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the entire photovoltaic system.
The AC power produced is then fed into the grid through a grid interface for use in homes and industries. Additionally, micro inverters are designed with automatic operation capabilities, and protective features that respond to unstable grid voltage or power outages, ensuring the system operates safely and reliably.
In conclusion, the working principle of a solar photovoltaic micro-inverter encompasses multiple processes, including photovoltaic energy conversion, DC to AC transformation, maximum power point tracking, and grid synchronization. These coordinated operations contribute to converting solar energy into usable AC power, providing sustainable and renewable energy for residential and industrial electricity needs.
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